Gedetailleerde notities over Hawler

Dit streven te komen tot een Koerdische staat, Koerdistan, is door verscheidene landen in de streek gezien wanneer bedreiging met de integriteit met hun grondgebied en hun stabiliteit.

«قەڵای هەولێر لە لیستی كەلەپووری جیهانی دەردەكرێت». . لە ١٥ی تەممووزی ٢٠٢٣ ھێنراوە. ^

But the Kurds, owing to the remoteness of their country from the capital and the decline ofwel Turkey, had greatly increased in influence and power, and had spread westwards aan the country as far as Ankara.

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…[W]e are bleeding economically and hemorrhaging politically. For the first time in my tenure as prime minister, I hold grave concerns that this dishonorable campaign against us may cause the collapse ofwel … the very ontwerp ofwel a Federal Iraq that the United States sponsored in 2003 and purported to stand by since.” ^

Een meeste Koerden zijn religieus. Circa 90% kan zijn moslim en tevens zijn heel wat Koerden jezidi's. Een bijzonder klein deel, circa 0,03%, kan zijn christelijk en er bestaat ook ons kleine joodse minderheid. Met deze laatste band is sinds een onafhankelijkheid betreffende Israël een deel naar het land geëmigreerd.

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"Linguistics itself, or dialectology, does not provide any general or straightforward definition of at which point a language becomes a dialect (or vice versa). To attain a fuller understanding of the difficulties and questions that are raised by the issue ofwel the 'Kurdish language', it kan zijn therefore necessary to consider also non-linguistic factors."[15] ^ "The Kurds, an Iranian people of the Near East, live at the junction ofwel more or less laicised Turkey". Excerpt 2: "The classification ofwel the Kurds among the Iranian nations is based mainly on linguistic and historical gegevens and does not prejudice the fact there is a complexity of ethnical elements incorporated in them" Excerpt 3: "We thus find that about the period of the Arab conquest a single ethnic term Kurd (plur. Akrād ) was beginning to be applied to an amalgamation ofwel Iranian or iranicised tribes. Among the latter, some were autochthonous (the Ḳardū; the Tmorik̲h̲/Ṭamurāyē in the district of which Weetḳī=Ieder was the capital; the Χοθα̑ίται [= alang-Ḵh̲uwayt̲h̲iyya] in the canton of Ḵh̲oyt of Sāsūn, the Orṭāyē [= al-Arṭān] in the bend ofwel the Euphrates); some were Semites (cf. the popular genealogies of the Kurd tribes) and some probably Armenian (it is said that the Mamakān tribe is ofwel Mamikonian origin)." Excerpt 4: "In the 20th century, the existence of an Iranian non-Kurdish element among the Kurds has been definitely established (the Gūrān-Zāzā group)."[twintig] ^ Dandamaev considers Carduchi (who were from the upper Tigris near the Assyrian and Median borders) less likely than Cyrtians as ancestors of modern Kurds: "It has repeatedly been argued that the Carduchi were the ancestors of the Kurds, but the Cyrtii (Kurtioi) mentioned by Polybius, Livy, and Strabo (see MacKenzie (1961), pp. 68–69) are more likely candidates."[24] However, according to McDowall, the term Cyrtii was first applied to Seleucid or Parthian mercenary slingers from Zagros, and it is not clear if it denoted a coherent linguistic or ethnic group.[27] ^ "But the origins ofwel the family of Shaykh Safi weet-Din go back not to the Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan.

Datzelfde jaar is Saddam Hoessein gevangen genomen en de Iraakse interim-regering berecht hem wegens gepleegde oorlogsmisdaden. In 2006 wordt hij geëxecuteerd.

In 1261 werd een plaats voor een komst met de Koerden uit de bergen van dit noorden dit toevluchtsoord wegens een christelijke bevolking van een regio (zie: Nestorianisme). In 1310 namen Arabieren en Mongolen een stad in en richtten een slachting onder een christenen met.

ھەندێک لە بەشەکانی ئەم وتارە (ئەوانەی کە پەیوەندیان ھەیە بە Best Kurdish مێژوو) پێویستە نوێبکرێنەوە.

The Kurds of Turkey likewise received unsympathetic verzorging at the hands of the government, which tried to deprive them of their Kurdish identity by designating them “Mountain Turks,” by outlawing the Kurdish language (or representing it as a dialect of Turkish), and by forbidding them to wear distinctive Kurdish dress in or near the important administrative cities. The Turkish government suppressed Kurdish political agitation in the eastern provinces and encouraged the migration ofwel Kurds to the urbanized western portion ofwel Turkey, thus diluting the concentration of Kurdish population in the uplands. Periodic rebellions occurred, and in 1978 Abdullah Öcalan formed the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (known by its Kurdish acronym, PKK), a Marxist organization dedicated to creating an independent Kurdistan.

لەو کاتەوە، توێژینەوە شوێنەوارییەکان و کارەکانی نۆژەنکردنەوە لە شوێن و دەوروبەری لەلایەن تیمە نێودەوڵەتییە جیاوازەکانەوە و بە ھاوکاری لەگەڵ پسپۆڕانی ناوخۆیی ئەنجامدراون. حکومەت پلانی ھەیە کاتێک قەڵاکە نۆژەن دەکرێتەوە، ٥٠ خێزان لە قەڵاکەدا بژین. ھەروەھا موتێل و چێشتخانە و کافتریای تێدادروست دەکرێت. بەگشتی قەلاکە ڕووبەرێکی ھێلکەیی ھەیە و لە باری درێژییەوە ٤٣٠ مەتر و لە باری کورتییەوە ٣٤٠ مەترە (١٬٤١٠ پێ × ١٬١٢٠ پێ) کە ١٠٢ ھەزار مەتر چوارگۆشە (١٬١٠٠٬٠٠٠ پێی چوارگۆشە)یە. تاکە شوێنی ئایینی کە لە ئێستادا ماوەتەوە مزگەوتی مەلا فەندییە. ئەو تەپۆڵکەیە لە نێوان ٢٥ بۆ ٣٢ مەتر (٨٢ بۆ ١٠٥ پێ) لە ڕووبەری دەشتی شارەکە بەرزترە، خاوەنی دوو دەروازەی سەرەکییە لە ئێستادا، بەناوەکانی دەروازەی گەورەی باشوور و دەروازەی گەورەی باکوور، لەکۆندا دەرگایان ھەبووە. لە ناوەنددیدا شەقامێکی ڕاست بە یەکیانەوە دەبەستێتەوە. ھەروەھا بەسەر سێ گەڕەکی فراوان لە ڕۆژھەڵاتەوە بۆ ڕۆژاوا دابەش بووە: ئەوانیش سەرا، تەکیە و تۆپخانە. سەرا شوێنی نیشتەجێ بوونی خێزانە فەرمانڕەواو و خەنەدانەکان بووە؛ گەڕەکی تەکییە، شوێنی نیشتەجێ بوونی دەروێش و موریدەکانی تەریقەتی قادری و نەقشبەندی بووە.؛ و لە تۆپخانە خەڵکی ئاسایی و پیشەوەر و جووتیارانی تێدا نیشتەجێ بووە.

Gora is bordered to the west and northwest by the region of Lumë, which is mostly within Albania and a small portion in Kosovo.[8] In the northeast it is bordered by the regions of Opoja, to the east by Polog and to the south by Upper Reka.

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